Wednesday, October 30, 2019

The triple bottom line within the Coffee Industry

Corporate social responsibility is taking on a bigger role within the coffee industry. Consumers are finding it more important that these coffee companies act ethically and limit the negative impact on the environment. Firms that follow the triple bottom line of economic, social, and environmental goals gain a competitive advantage throughout the industry. Most companies have implemented corporate procedures that heavily involve social responsibility into their missions, and have set out strategic goals that align with both their business plans and the environment, therefore the companies who have not are falling behind. Consumers want a company that promises to help our world as well as a company that takes action in regard to a healthier planet. These actions could include making donations to charities, reducing pollution or waste in their business processes, or offering benefits that will help those in need. Every company faces an issue of how to implement corporate social responsibility. The better the company is to the consumers and communities, the happier and more loyal customers will become. 

The first and foremost principle of the bottom line firms attempt to maximize is profit. Some companies believe that attempting to implement corporate social responsibility is more costly than beneficial. Offering positive qualities to the customers and the environment will reel in more consumers leading to more profit. However, profit goals need to be attained to offer environmental and social promises. Economic success is the primary focus and goal, overall coffee has become much more popular in recent years and the industry is booming with caffeine advocates rising globally. Therefore, economic and profit goals are not the most difficult principle in the triple bottom line to focus on when creating a well-rounded coffee business.  
The social aspect is enormous in terms of creating a versatile company. Socially the coffee industry is attempting to become more than a business that just sells coffee. Most companies are offering benefits for students such as paid tuition, Starbucks has taken a massive leap in the social facet by providing more work to youth employees. Employees have been given the ability to earn up to $1,000 in tuition reimbursement annually for their studies while working part-time or full-time for the company (Starbucks, 2019). Providing benefits such as this not only inclines more people to apply for your organization, but it also gives an excellent image for the social aspect of the company influencing more sales from customers.
Environmentally is where the coffee industry struggles. The industry has been known to create a variety of problems for the environment, starting at the point of creating coffee from scratch to the point of sale. These issues include deforestation, water pollution and contamination, and waste. This gives a poor public perception for the industry, but as time passes the industry has taken major steps into reducing the environmental harms. They now offer a different method to cultivate coffee that leaves a much less destructive footprint on our environment. Shade-grown coffee is the new fad for cultivating coffee, as coffee plants are interspersed beneath local forest trees mimicking the way coffee grows naturally in these regions (Moore, 2019). Following this method reduces the harms to bird habitats and other fauna in Latin America. This is a small step in the right direction, the waste issue is exponentially increasing as more plastic cups are being used. Although some companies have implemented paper straws to decrease the waste footprint, this again is a positive step, but the waste problem needs much more focus to solve a monstrous environmental issue.
All things considered, corporate social responsibility requires long term commitment from the companies. More organizations are starting to implement these practices creating a more complete business. It looks excellent for the company financially, as it produces less risk within the business creating more respect from financial markets. Large companies such as Starbucks and Dunkin Donuts are improving their coffee offered by purchasing higher-priced certified coffee. Coffee is the second most tradable commodity in the world pulling billions of dollars into the industry (Moore, 2019). Profit is definitely important in running an organization, but without a positive social aspect and an environmentally friendly business, the company will fail to become one of the best in the industry. To sum up, the coffee industry has made large leaps in becoming more responsible not only for providing a service, but also to provide coffee that serves a social purpose and follows environmental practices.


Wisconsin. (2019). A Simple Explanation of the Triple Bottom Line: University of Wisconsin. Retrieved from https://sustain.wisconsin.edu/sustainability/triple-bottom-line/.

References
Moore, V. (2019, September 1). Environmental Impact of the Coffee Production - Facts and Figures. Retrieved from https://www.sustainablebusinesstoolkit.com/environmental-impact-coffee-trade/.
Starbucks. (2019). Benefits and Perks. Retrieved from https://www.starbucks.ca/careers/working-at-starbucks/benefits-and-perks.

Monday, October 28, 2019

Financial Reports on Starbucks


For this blog, we will be focusing solely on the company Starbucks. Looking over the company’s past and current financial reports we can get a better idea of the company’s overall health. The company posts quarterly reports and annual reports for each year, these reports all follow under Non-GAAP rules and list under the IFRS. At the end of the 2018 Fiscal year on September 30th, 2018 the company had a total net revenue of $24,719.5 million in comparison to their report on October 1, 2017 of $22,386.8 million total net revenue (Starbucks, 2017). These numbers show how much money Starbucks is making through sales after direct expenses, over the past five years the company’s proclaimed net revenue has been constantly increasing meaning they are increasing their sales every year or reducing their expenses. This shows the company is growing exponentially each report following a healthy trend, as they have also opened 2,066 stores in the span of a year from 2017 to 2018 worldwide. In 2014 Starbucks declared cash dividends of 0.55 per share while in 2018 the company vastly increased its cash dividends per share to a whopping 1.32. This increase shows the company is much healthier than it was four years ago and means the shareholders are getting much more value resulting in more shares being bought because of their success. 

Accountants and Auditors are the most responsible parties in regards to issuing these financial reports, although Starbucks claims these financial reports are done by the company as a whole. The company has its accountants create income statements, balance sheets, statement of cash flows, and statements of equity. Howard Schultz is the owner of Starbucks and has done an exceptional job of operating the business; leading to great success and an array of milestones identifying his business genius. His leadership skills and traits have led this company to become one of the biggest and most recognizable in the world “Starbucks has been named the fifth most admired company in the world by Fortune magazine”(Newsroom, 2018) and the company is only increasing their value. This shows the leadership from Schultz has worked out for the company, resulting in excellent financial reports that are increasing in their ratios, revenues, assets, and net income.
In Starbucks third-quarter report they reached new highs, but not in every category across the financial statement: “While Starbucks reported record revenue and earnings per share in the third quarter of fiscal 2018, its EPS growth was driven entirely by share buybacks and a lower tax rate” (Levine-Weinber, 2018). The lower tax rate helped significantly in the fact they were losing much less money on their sales globally. However, the company's fourth-quarter report showed much progress “Fortunately, the recovery continued last quarter, as Starbucks saw a marked improvement in comp sales in its two largest markets. On Thursday, the coffee giant reported 4% comp sales growth in the U.S. and 1% comp sales growth in China for the fourth quarter, beating expectations” (Levine-Weinber, 2018). These comp sales lead to higher revenues and higher-earnings per share for the company’s shareholders. With Starbucks still steadily increasing its value each quarter report, outsiders are becoming more positive about the public perception of the company through the release of their reports. This inclines and influences outsiders to buy more shares from the consistent success and increases of earnings per share. The only negative aspect of Starbucks is the footprint they leave on our planet. Their suppliers and constant product needs leads to deforestation and unsustainable process, which leaves outsiders questioning their ethics and power. 
The company’s reports are complete as they claim to go under Non-GAAP earnings and follow under the International Financial Reporting Standards. By following these policies, Starbucks has been able to remain a very ethical organization in comparison to other companies throughout the coffee industry. Not only is Starbucks ethical throughout their financial reports, “According to CEO Howard Schultz, Starbucks’ commitment to social responsibility has played a significant role in producing this phenomenal growth” (Mellamocallejon, 2012) they are also immensely ethical by acting socially responsible over their operations globally. Overall, Starbucks has been impressive over many years with how proper and precise their financial reports have been, leaving consumers with no negative feelings towards the firm. The remarkable numbers and the positive brand view from the public are the main pillars of success for Starbucks, and their increasing quarterly numbers since 1971 show how much those things have benefited the company financially.

Interesting article regarding the future of Starbucks:


Willis, G. (2004, March 4). 5 Tips: Understanding a shareholder report. Retrieved from https://money.cnn.com/2004/03/03/pf/saving/willis_tips/.

  • Knowing Starbucks performs in an ethical manner, does this influence your view of Starbucks?
    References
Levine-Weinberg, A. (2018, November 4). Starbucks Comes Roaring Back With Solid Q4 Results. Retrieved from https://www.fool.com/investing/2018/11/04/starbucks-comes-roaring-back-with-solid-q4-results.aspx.
Mellamocallejon, tombomb4592. (2012, November 24). Starbucks: How Ethical Behavior Can Boost Business. Retrieved from https://bizgovsoc4.wordpress.com/2012/11/11/starbucks-how-ethical-behavior-can-boost-business/.

Newsroom, S. (2018, January 19). Starbucks named fifth most admired company worldwide. Retrieved from https://stories.starbucks.com/stories/2018/starbucks-fortune-most-admired-company-in-the-world/.

Starbucks. (2017). Financial Data. Retrieved from https://investor.starbucks.com/financial-data/annual-reports/default.aspx.

Friday, October 18, 2019

Sustainability

The coffee industry’s production process is not a sustainable model. Within the production process, there are four major parts: cultivation, processing, roasting, and consumption. These four parts negatively affect people, the planet, governance and profits which make the process unsustainable (Dowding & Murphy, n.d.).
         Cultivating and processing is part of the process that is taken on in the producing country. The producing countries such as Latin America, Africa, and Asia do not provide suitable working conditions, living conditions and are often subject to discrimination against women workers and child labour (Dowding & Murphy, n.d.). These conditions are unsustainable because if working conditions are poor the overall health of the worker declines and leaves the producer with fewer workers. If this trend continues the producers could eventually have no workers.
The planet suffers from the cultivation through deforestation, habitat destruction, and pesticide pollution. Also, processing the coffee relies on using large amounts of water and can contribute to water pollution (Dowding & Murphy, n.d.). Once these resources have been used up, they cannot be replaced. The coffee industry cannot continue to produce through such processes because they are not infinite. 
The producing countries’ profits are not as high as they once were due overproduction which has caused the prices of coffee to drop (Dowding & Murphy, n.d.). As well, the low profits are also due to the free market system being in effect, where the consumer controls the prices (Dowding & Murphy, n.d.).  If overproduction and this governance continue, the coffee producers will not be profitable, in which they will be unable to justify the negative effects of their production. 
Roasting and consuming are completed by consuming countries. Roasting leads to air pollution which leads to negative health effects for the public and the planet (Dowding & Murphy, n.d.). It is difficult to monitor these emissions because the Environmental Protection Agency standards vary and are not easily accessible (Dowding & Murphy, n.d.).  Therefore, producers are unable to monitor and reduce emissions and will continue to produce negative effects associated with emissions such as climate change. 
In the consumption process, there are millions of one time use disposable paper cups that are not recyclable. As well, coffee grounds are not recyclable (Dowding & Murphy, n.d.). With these products not being recyclable, the planet endures more waste which contributes to pollution and further decreases the sustainability of life. Also, there are strict FDA regulations for considering which materials are recyclable (Dowding & Murphy, n.d.). These strict guidelines are difficult to sustain and implement, as the regulations are concerned with the mixing of the food and drink with paper (Dowding & Murphy, n.d.).  
Consuming countries have the freedom of “take it or leave it” pricing due to the overproduction of coffee (Dowding & Murphy, n.d.). This selling method leads to profits, however, negatively affects sustainability because once overproduction is gone, consumers may not be inclined to purchase at higher prices.


Environmental impacts in the stages of ground coffee production (Giraldi-Diaz, De Medina-Salas, Castillo-Gonzalez, Leon-Lira, 2018)


Interesting video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=99UuWy4mXbo


References


Dowding, T., Murphy, M.  (n.d.). The Coffee Bean: A Value Chain and Sustainability Initiative Analysis [PDF File]. Retrieved from https://global.business.uconn.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1931/2017/01/The-Coffee-Bean.pdf
Giraldi-Diaz, M.R., De Medina-Salas, L., Castillo- Gonzalez, E., Leon-Lira, R. (2018). Environmental Impact Associated with the Supply Chain and Production of Grounding and Roasting Coffee through Life Cycle Analysis. Sustainability, 10(12), 4589. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10124598










Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Coffee Production and Deforestation

            Coffee is the second-most popular drink, and the second most tradeable commodity in the world, with an industry worth upwards of $10 billion. Despite its overwhelming popularity, coffee production is certainly causing damage to the environments in which it is mass-produced in order to fulfill an ever increasing demand. Research has shown that for every cup of coffee that is consumed, one square inch of rainforest is destroyed (Varcho, 2015).
            Coffee production plants have historically been a drastic causation of deforestation, namely in the South American and African regions. Rainforests used to cover 15% of the world’s surface in the 1950s, now only cover 6% of the world’s surface, and the remaining 6% could be destroyed in a matter of another 40 years (Varcho, 2015). Other externalities involved include soil erosion and contamination, and water pollution, largely in part due to the heavy use of pesticide in production.
            The externalities caused by coffee production further extend beyond the burning of rain-forests for agricultural use; these practices severely hurt the biodiversity of the region in which deforestation takes place, and can ruin the local ecosystem. With species of local plant life and animals reduced, and the resulting untillable land after coffee production takes place hurts local citizens who rely on the hunting and gathering economy and having clean, pollution-free water.  
            If these production companies and other stakeholders hold a belief in the utilitarian theory of ethics, they need to come to a solution to stifle the effects of these negative externalities, and increase their awareness of how to halt deforestation, work towards rehabilitating degraded areas and how to maintain a sustainable coffee production landscape (Opitz, 2018).
References
Amanda L. Varcho. (2015). Coffee Production, Deforestation, Soil Erosion, and Water Contamination. Retrieved October 16th, 2019 from https://ohiostate.pressbooks.pub/sciencebites/chapter/a-bitter-brew-coffee-production-deforestation-soil-erosion-and-water-contamination/
Michael Opitz. (March 22nd, 2018). Coffee and Deforestation: Addressing Coffee’s Footprint. Retrieved October 16th, 2019 from https://dailycoffeenews.com/2018/03/22/coffee-and-deforestation-addressing-coffees-footprint/

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Coffee Industry Creation of Needs and Wants - Part 2

Businesses create needs and wants for consumers through the use of advertising and marketing tactics. In the coffee industry we can view this ethical issue through the product itself and the producers side. Trends generated by the Coffee Association of Canada show that 72% of Canadians aged 18-79 years old drank coffee yesterday (2019), showing how big of an impact coffee has on our lives. 
In Canada, coffee is a $6.2 billion industry, as many Canadians consume 1-3 cups per day. When consumed with minimal amounts of cream and sugar, coffee has been proven to have health benefits. Studies have shown it can help reduce the risk of cancer, Alzheimers and Parkinsons disease, liver disease and others. Drinking coffee can also increase mental alertness and endurance, this may be the main reason for the high consumption levels. As McCafe has put it in an advertisement campaign, “nothing before coffee”. Bringing light to the reality that many people will not do anything with their day until they have had that first cup of coffee. Although the caffeine gives a boost, as human beings, we are able to function without coffee and there are many alternatives such as tea, energy drinks or even something as simple as getting a good sleep that would allow us to function without consuming coffee. 
The production of coffee starts with the farmers, then moves to organizations, to exporters and intermediaries, to importers, roasters and finally to the consumer. Brazil, Vietnam, Colombia, Indonesia, and Honduras are the largest producers of coffee in the world. Brazil in particular is responsible for 30% of production in the coffee industry, making it vital to their economy and economic growth. With the realization of the importance of free-trade prices for coffee farmers and producers, consumers are persuaded to purchase free trade coffee. Although coffee without the “free-trade” label may taste the same and provide the same benefits, there is a created need by producers behind the label to help gain support for their families and the environment.
We believe the ethical issue of created needs and wants in the coffee industry does not carry negative effects. For producers, creating a need for consumers to purchase fair trade coffee products creates positive effects on economic growth in developing countries as well as helps to keep the environment sustainable for production. The created need for the product itself, can provide physical health benefits, as well as a social aspect for coffee drinkers that can be good for mental health. The coffee industry markets their products to create needs and wants for the consumer, however, through a utilitarian ethical point of view, they are creating benefits for a greater amount of people.

McCafe “Nothing before Coffee” Ad






References
Coffee Association of Canada. (2019). Coffee & Health. Retrieved October 11, 2019 from https://www.coffeeassoc.com/coffee-facts/

Walton, J. (February 9, 2019). The 5 Countries that Produce the Most Coffee. https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/091415/5-countries-produce-most-coffee.asp

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Ethical Advertising in the Coffee Industry by McCafe - Part 1


In 2008, McDonald’s made a statement with its McCafe advertisements around the city of
Seattle - the birthplace of Starbucks. One billboard in particular was located just outside the
Starbucks headquarters that read “Four bucks is dumb - now serving espresso.” The
wording was harsh but McDonald’s called it a “light-hearted fun approach to our brand”
(Ankarcrona, 2008). Although this was a direct attack at Starbucks, as they are known for
selling expensive espresso beverages, we feel that advertisement was ethical. 
With the launch of McCafe, McDonald’s was doing a service by letting the public know that they have expanded and will be selling more than burgers and other fast food items. They have the right to do this through freedom of speech in their pursuit of profit. McDonalds is encouraging a cheaper option to beverages sold at Starbucks which in turn may actually increase satisfaction and happiness for consumers as they are able to get more for their dollar. It is up to the consumer in their decision to weigh out the benefits and costs of buying an espresso beverage at McDonalds compared to Starbucks. This attack to Starbucks will stimulate competition between the two already thriving companies.
Competition stimulates the economy, which can translate to a higher quality of life.   The advertisement itself is simple and clever. There are no computer generated images or enhancements to manipulate a consumers idea of the beverage. Coffee is a relatively healthy product when consumed in moderation, it is more ethical for McDonald’s to be promoting this product opposed to other fat and sugar filled beverages they sell such as the “Triple Thick Milkshake”. McDonalds has been transparent that they are a for profit company, however, they have also promoted what they do with a portion of their profits. When someone buys a coffee at McCafe, they know a portion of profits go towards the funding of the Ronald McDonald House Charities. The Ronald McDonald House Charities “provides families of sick children with a home to stay in while their child is being treated at a nearby hospital” (RMHC Canada, 2019) which is something the consumer can feel good about. 
On-going ethical dilemmas in the coffee industry are the exploitation of the coffee farmers, as well as the sustainability of the environment. McDonalds is clear about their intentions in regards to these issues and what they are doing to help with the cause. On their corporate website they have a full section devoted to what they have done and what they plan to do to make a difference as without a sturdy supply chain, they do not have a product. “We’re part of the global movement to ensure coffee is grown and traded in ways that support communities and their land” (McDonald’s, 2019). We believe McCafe has shown to be ethical in their advertising, as well as in their positive actions towards ethical issues in the coffee industry. 


Interesting article in regards to this advertisement:





References 


Ankarcrona, A. (2008, December 12). Coffee war brews between McDonald’s, Starbucks. Retrieved October 9, 2019 from http://edition.cnn.com/2008/US/12/12/coffee.costs/


RMHC Canada. (2019). About Us. Retrieved October 9, 2019 from 


McDonald’s. (2019). Coffee: Why it Matters. Retrieved October 9, 2019 from

Good, K. (2011). Four Bucks is Dumb. Retrieved Oct. 9, 2019 from http://www.kategood.com/2011/03/four-bucks-is-dumb/